Every person — mainly women — who spends time at home cooking, cleaning, looking after children, gardening, doing laundry, managing the household or caring for the elderly or disabled will tell you that it is tiring and emotionally draining work. They will also tell you that it is skilled work. Consider what it takes to cook a dinner for six with multiple dietary needs, look after a baby or take care of elderly parents.
Domestic work exists in a space between a service that was “traditionally” unpaid and the booming care sector that — especially post-Covid — is considered essential. In this grey area, the skills needed to perform domestic work, including providing care within the home, are often denied and almost always undervalued.
As a result, most domestic workers across the Asean region — the vast majority of whom are women and migrants — are considered “unskilled” workers. Migration regimes and the conditions of work in the sector reflect this, with those arriving to work as domestic workers consequently receiving poor pay and benefits.
A recent study by the International Labour Organization (ILO) looks specifically at migrant domestic workers’ skills and working conditions. Mapping of domestic workers’ skills had never been tackled in Southeast Asia. The study compared the tasks that domestic workers perform in homes against the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) and found that almost all domestic workers are operating at a medium skill level, far higher than “unskilled”.
In addition, the study found that migrant domestic workers are using key transferable skills — skills that can be used in a wide variety of work settings and are not particular to domestic or care work — including speaking the local language, clear communication, and managing their or others’ emotions.
Across the region, skills training for domestic workers is not, however, consistent or comprehensive. It rarely recognises the variations in the levels of work that are actually present, expected and required in the sector. Few employers consider it a necessary requirement, and many domestic workers continue to be hired without the requisite skills for the work. Many others have skills that go unrecognised and inadequately compensated.
Skills recognition opportunities for domestic workers that consider years of experience and transferable skills should be available, with this recognition reflected in pay and working conditions. Accessible and flexible migration pathways could also go a long way to making domestic work less risky and more attractive. This would make a huge difference to the lives and livelihoods of millions of workers.
Change is certainly needed. The research also, sadly, found that domestic workers are still suffering from some of the worst working conditions, including chronic underpayment and forced labour. It estimated forced labour rates among migrant domestic workers at 29% in Malaysia, 7% in Singapore and 4% in Thailand.
And thus the paradox. Domestic work allows society to function yet is still considered unworthy of the same protections offered in other jobs. Domestic work is “essential”, but the complexity of the work remains unseen. Domestic work frees other workers to go to work, yet domestic workers’ skills are the least recognised.
On 16 June 2011, the ILO adopted the Domestic Workers Convention (No.189), which acknowledged in international law that domestic work should be protected equally to other kinds of work. That means minimum wage, maximum hours, overtime pay, holidays, access to social protection and more. Domestic work can and should be a source of empowerment and dignity. This Domestic Workers Day, the ILO calls for all employers of domestic workers and governments to recognise the skills and the contribution domestic workers make to families and economies alike. Domestic workers are integral to our societies; it is time that, in return, they receive the recognition and support they need and have always deserved.
Anna Engblom is chief technical adviser of ILO’s TRIANGLE in Asean programme. The article marks Domestic Workers Day, which takes place on June 16 every year.
