Heavily armed police officers wearing face masks entered a luxury home at daybreak last week in Spain's southern Costa del Sol to arrest a 40-year-old suspected drug trafficker.
He is believed to be part of a major cocaine cartel operating inside Europe and beyond, and his arrest was part of the culmination of a three-year operation involving law enforcement from 10 different countries.
The operation highlighted how the sunny coastal region has become a hub for international criminal groups whose members can blend in easily with their millionaire neighbours from around the world.
In recent years more trigger-happy gangs have moved in, raising alarm in the Mediterranean region, which polished its reputation for glitz in the 1970s when the Saudi royal family began spending their summers in Marbella.
While the Costa del Sol is used for money laundering, it is drug trafficking that generates "reckless delinquency, delinquency with no scruples," the chief prosecutor in Marbella, Julio Martinez Carazo, told AFP.
When he took up the post in 1991, crime was mainly carried out by Spanish nationals and the seizure of a gun "was an extraordinary thing," but now officers find automatic weapons, he said.
Spain is the gateway to Europe for North African hashish and South American cocaine, making it attractive to international criminal gangs.
And as the world's second-most visited country, it is well connected to other destinations, adding to its appeal.
Police in the Costa del Sol have in recent months arrested suspected drug traffickers from Albania, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Poland and the Netherlands.
But what has really alarmed locals are five shootings this year in Marbella linked to the theft of drugs by rival gangs, including one in March that targeted a popular restaurant frequented by celebrities.
"There are many criminal groups that have a permanent and stable presence on the Costa del Sol and this leads to scores being settled from time to time," Antonio Martinez Duarte, the head of the national police's drugs and organised crime unit UDYCO, told AFP.
Local authorities launched "Plan Marbella" in April to try to curb crime by boosting police numbers in the city of around 141,000 people and raiding several famous nightclubs.
Ten people were arrested during the plan's first month, including some wanted in their home countries.
"It is a recognition by law enforcement that there is a problem here," former Marbella mayor Pepe Bernal told AFP, adding that the establishment of international criminal groups in the region is causing "great dismay".
"Before, these people came to Marbella just to spend their money or to enjoy it," the local opposition councillor said.
The opposition has questioned Marbella's conservative mayor Angeles Munoz after her Swedish stepson, Joakim Broberg, was charged with money laundering and drug trafficking in a case pending trial.
Her husband, Swedish businessman Lars Broberg, was also charged but he was removed from the case for health reasons before his death in May 2023. She has denied any wrongdoing.
Contacted by AFP, Marbella town hall said in a short statement that the city is "an enviable tourist destination in all areas, including security."
Marbella's old town, with its cobbled streets and traditional whitewashed houses, has an air of security as does its famous Puerto Banus port, home to shops selling luxury brands and exclusive restaurants and nightclubs.
"In Marbella, if you see a Porsche, a Lamborghini, you don't think anything of it," said prosecutor Martinez Carazo. "Luxury goes unnoticed," and that makes it harder to detect ill-gotten wealth, he added.
After an extradition agreement between Britain and Spain expired in 1978, many British criminals settled in the Costa del Sol, prompting the British press to dub it the "Costa del Crime".
Among them was Charlie Wilson, one of the perpetrators of the "Great Train Robbery" of 1963 -- at the time Britain's largest robbery. He was murdered in 1990 at his Marbella home.
In the 1980s there "were mafiosos, but no mafia" in the Costa del Sol, said ex-mayor Bernal. Those criminal gang members "were known because they lived well, and they were jet-setters," he added.
"Now they are not in the limelight, they are not known, but they are here with their organisations. And that's dangerous", he said.
