Russia 'uncertain' of NATO cyber red line

Retired US army major general John Davis says cyber attacks are less effective once war breaks out. (Lukas Coch/AAP PHOTOS) (AAP)

Russia could be pulling its cyber punches against Ukraine despite targeting civilian infrastructure over fears of sparking NATO involvement.

Retired US army major general John Davis says the use of cyber attacks are less effective once war breaks out, given the uncertainty in the online realm.