The festival of Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, is a joyous occasion celebrated by members of the religious community all over the world.
The festival consists of many elements, including prayer services in synagogues and the blowing of an ancient musical horn called a "shofar", which is made from a ram’s horn.
However, one of the most anticipated aspects of Rosh Hashanah is undeniably all of the delicious, sweet foods that Jewish people eat throughout the festival, which started this year on the evening of Friday 15 September and ends on Sunday 17 September.
During Rosh Hashanah, Jewish people will frequently say the Hebrew phrases: “Shana Tova” or “Shana Tova U’Metukah” to one another, meaning: “A good year” or “A good and sweet year.”
The sweet foods that are eaten during Rosh Hashanah are therefore meant to symbolise the hope for a sweet and happy year ahead.
One of the most recognisable food staples that adorns the dinner table during Rosh Hashanah is apple and honey, a traditional combination that has passed down the generations for centuries.
This is accompanied by a song that is taught to young children at cheder (Jewish Sunday school), which goes: “Dip the apple in the honey, make a bracha [blessing] loud and clear. L’Shana Tova U’Metuka, have a happy sweet New Year.”
In addition to dipping the apple in the honey, Jewish people also frequently eat honey cake, pomegranates and round raisin loaves of challah to see in the New Year.
Read all about the foods that are traditionally served during Rosh Hashanah, from honey cake to a fish’s head:
The dipping of the apple in the honey is one of the most recognisable traditions associated with Rosh Hashanah.
The honey symbolises the excitement for a sweet New Year ahead.
It’s believed that centuries ago, the apple was chosen as the fruit that was to be dipped into the honey on Rosh Hashanah due to the symbolic nature of the fruit.
According to a Lexicon of Jewish Cooking, written by Patti Shosteck, in medieval times apples were so revered that people would carve prayers into the apple skins before eating them.
Pomegranate
The pomegranate is also a highly symbolic fruit eaten by the Jewish people during the New Year.
The Torah, the Jewish scroll that contains the first five books of the Tanakh, consists of 613 “mitzvot”, or commandments.
The Jewish Museum in New York City states that a pomegranate supposedly consists of 613 seeds, which is why it is eaten during Rosh Hashanah.
On top of that, it’s also a sweet fruit, which is why it ties in nicely with the festival.
Jewish people also eat many other types of fruits during Rosh Hashanah, including dates, lychees and star fruits.
Round raisin challah
Challah is a special Jewish bread that is frequently eaten on Shabbat and during religious festivals.
Usually challah loaves are plaited and adorned with different types of seeds, such as sesame or poppy seeds.
However, when Rosh Hashanah comes around, round raisin challahs become especially popular as opposed to long, plaited variations.
Project Genesis, a Jewish education organisation, recommends substituting the raisins for dried cranberries or sour cherries as an alternative to the raisin loaf.
Kiddush wine
A Jewish celebration isn’t complete without an abundance of kiddush wine to mark the occasion.
A “kiddush” is a type of blessing recited over wine or grape juice during Shabbat or other Jewish festivals.
Kiddush wine is typically much sweeter than other types of wine.
It’s explained on the Chabad website that during periods of time when Jewish communities were impoverished, many couldn’t afford to buy expensive wine for Shabbat.
Therefore, they would often have to resort to buying cheap, sweet wine that was sometimes made from raisins instead.
Honey cake
It should come as no surprise that honey cake is eaten during Rosh Hashanah, what with the festival’s focus on sweet food.
Many Jewish people who make honey cake to celebrate the New Year will make batches that they will then give to friends and family to spread love and happiness during the festive occasion.
The cake’s ingredients often include cinnamon, ginger and – of course – honey or syrup.
Fish head
It’s customary for some Jewish people to eat the head of a fish during Rosh Hashanah.
Why, you may ask? The reasoning stems from the literal translation of the festival’s name.
“Since ‘Rosh Hashanah’ translates literally as ‘Head of the Year,’ eating a fish head on the holiday became a little joke about the verse,” explained Jeremy Kalmanofsky, rabbi of New York City’s Conservative Ansche Chesed.
“You should start your year as the head [or leader] and not the tail [or follower]."
