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The Independent UK
The Independent UK
National
Susan Montoya Bryan

Red, white and blue: A strategy for survival as Native Americans navigate 250 years of history

America 250 Native Americans - (Copyright 2026 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.)

Swiftly marching toward westward expansion, the United States in the 1800s brought with it a tidal wave of displacement and cultural suppression for Native Americans.

A century of broken treaties already had spawned distrust of the federal government, and widespread forced assimilation was accelerating. With shifting cultural and social circumstances came declining populations. Survival was hanging in the balance.

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