New York (AFP) - As a growing list of US multinational businesses, from Apple to Levi's, suspend activities in Russia, some companies have chosen to stay in the country despite the risks to their reputation.
But following last month's invasion of Ukraine, firms such as Pepsi and McDonald's face mounting pressure: Calls for repercussions for the recalcitrant are appearing on social media under hashtags such as #BoycottMcDonalds and #BoycottPepsi.
And the two companies have received letters from New York state's pension fund chief Thomas DiNapoli, who said they "need to consider whether doing business in Russia is worth the risk during this extraordinarily volatile time."
DiNapoli also has sent letters to snack manufacturer Mondelez; cosmetics groups Estee Lauder and Coty; or brokerage firm Bunge.
A team from Yale University that keeps a list of companies with a significant presence in Russia said about 250 have announced withdrawal from the country since it invaded neighboring Ukraine, reminiscent of "the large-scale corporate boycott of Apartheid South Africa in the 1980s."
Many of the US companies that continue to operate in Russia have remained silent.Brands including McDonald's, Bunge, Mondelez, Kimberly-Clark and Coty did not respond to an AFP request for comment.
Legitimate reasons?
Starbucks said its 130 coffee shops in Russia are owned by a Kuwaiti conglomerate and Yum Brands said its approximately 1,000 KFC and 50 Pizza Hut restaurants are nearly all operated by independent owners.
In some cases the pressure has worked: Late Monday, Yum Brands announced it "has suspended all investment and restaurant development in Russia" and Estee Lauder "decided to suspend all commercial activity in Russia."
Some businesses may have legitimate reasons to stay, several experts in ethics and communications strategy told AFP.
Companies may be hesitant to leave because they think they can mediate between sides or because they make essential products such as pharmaceutical ingredients, said Tim Fort, a professor of business ethics at Indiana University.
But he said they have to pick a side "and it doesn't strike me as this being very difficult to pick" given Russia's human rights and conflict law violations.
"Any one company leaving the country isn't going to tip the balance...but there's a cumulative effect," Fort noted.
'What's going on?'
He said a company as well-known as McDonald's can have influence in Russia at a time when the general population has almost no access to sources of information other than the official messaging on the invasion.
Russians can "survive without the Big Mac," but they may ask "why is McDonald's closed?What's going on?It's a more powerful signal in that sense," Fort said.
Richard Painter, a professor at the University of Minnesota, said the companies "should think about the message that needs to be emphasized: that Russia cannot do this to Ukraine...while at the same time participating in the international economy."
The economic sanctions imposed on Russia with broad consensus among Western governments along with the voluntary withdrawal of multinationals "is really the best way to deal with Russia," said Painter, a former White House ethics lawyer.
Brian Berkey, who specializes in corporate ethics at the University of Pennsylvania, said some companies may be betting the criticism will ultimately subside.
Other crisis situations, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, led to calls for boycotts against certain companies but without much effect.
Support for such initiatives is not always unanimous even though most people "in the United States and in Europe are unified in thinking that what Russia is doing is clearly unacceptable," he said.
Mark Hass, a communications specialist at Arizona State University, said the economic interest of companies that have chosen to stay in Russia "outweighs the reputational one."
McDonald's, for instance, gets nine percent of its revenue and three percent of its operating profits from Russia.
But "if social media starts identifying you as a company that's willing to do business with an autocratic aggressor, who's slaughtering thousands of people in the Ukraine, you're in big trouble," Hass said.
"And it will hurt business more broadly than just in Russia."
