Santiago (AFP) - President Gabriel Boric vowed to continue working to reform the political landscape after Chileans on Sunday emphatically rejected a proposed new constitution to replace the one adopted during the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship.
With more than 99 percent of votes counted, the reject camp led with almost 62 percent compared to just over 38 percent for those in favor, in a result that exceeded the expectations of the conservative opposition.
Leftist Boric, who supported the new text, accepted the defeat but pledged to "do everything on my part to build a new constituent itinerary."
He said the people had demonstrated "that they want and value democracy, they are counting on it to overcome our differences and to progress."
He then called on "all political forces to put Chile ahead of any legitimate differences and agree as soon as possible on the deadlines and parameters for a new constitutional process."
The result is a far greater margin of victory than was predicted by opinion polls, which had suggested the constitution would be rejected by up to 10 percentage points.
"President Boric: this defeat is also your defeat," said far-right leader Jose Antonio Kast, an outspoken admirer of Pinochet who last December lost an election run-off to Boric.
Opponents of the constitutional change poured onto the streets, waving Chilean flags to celebrate their victory.
Although celebrating the "defeat for the refounding of Chile," Javier Macaya, president of the conservative UDI party, said his party would fulfil its commitment to work towards a new constitution.
More than 15 million people were eligible to vote in the compulsory election.
Social upheaval that began in 2019 provided the impulse to overhaul the constitution, but the 388-article draft proved controversial and often confusing for voters.
The proposed constitution aimed to build a more welfare-based society, boost Indigenous rights and legalize abortion.
In October 2019, protests sprung up mostly in the capital led by students initially angered by a proposed metro fare hike.
Those demonstrations spiraled into wider discontent with the country's neoliberal economic system as well as growing inequality.
'Resounding failure'
Among the chief concerns of opponents was the prominence given to the country's Indigenous peoples, who make up close to 13 percent of the 19 million-strong population.
Proposals to enshrine reproductive rights and protect the environment as well as natural resources such as water, which some say is exploited by private mining companies, had also garnered much attention.
The new constitution would have overhauled Chile's government, replacing the Senate with a less powerful "chamber of regions," and requiring women to hold at least half of positions in public institutions.
Some feared the new text would generate instability and uncertainty, which could then harm the economy.
"Here people are more in favor of rejection," said Alfredo Tolosa, 47, a woodworker in Tucapel, a small town in the southern Biobio region.
"They think it's the best path because they are afraid of change.They have something to eat, they have work and they think they would lose those," he told AFP.
Sociologist Marta Lagos called it a "tremendous victory for reject" and a "resounding failure" for the approve camp.
"No one expected such a gap of over 20 percentage points," she wrote on Twitter.
Social tensions
Those in favor of the new constitution believed it would have prompted changes in a conservative country marked by social and ethnic tensions and lay the foundation for a more egalitarian society.
They say the current constitution gives private enterprise free rein over crucial industries and creates a fertile breeding ground for the rich to prosper and the poor to struggle.
"It's a disaster, I'm super sad.I can't believe this.We have been through a lot in the streets to end up like this," María José Pérez, 33, told AFP in Plaza Italia, where hundreds who supported the new constitution gathered to share their sadness.
Although the 1980 constitution has undergone several reforms since it was adopted, it retains the stigma of having been introduced during a dictatorship.
Sunday's poll was the third time in just two years that Chileans have voted on the referendum, having already elected to rewrite the constitution and then elected the representatives to do so.
The new text was drawn up by a constitutional convention made up of 154 members -- mostly with no political affiliation -- split equally between men and women and with 17 places reserved for Indigenous people.
The resulting proposal recognized 11 Indigenous peoples and offered them greater autonomy, particularly on judicial issues.
Some critics accused the authors of trying to turn the traditionally marginalized Indigenous people into a higher class of citizens.
