Venky’s, a major poultry producer in India, is marketing antibiotics to be used by farmers in ways that contribute to the spread of drug-resistant infections, the Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ) can reveal.
The company is selling products aimed at speeding up poultry growth that contain drugs vital for human health. Other critically important antibiotics are being sold for “preventative use”, a controversial practice that involves healthy birds as young as a day old being dosed with drugs to reduce the likelihood of disease.
Antibiotics for growth promotion
At least two poultry farms in southern Telangana were found to be using the drugs — one for preventative purposes as recommended by Venky’s on its website, TBIJ found.
The use of antibiotics for growth promotion is banned in the European Union and the U.S., and preventative use is banned in the EU apart from in exceptional cases. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has opposed antibiotic use for both growth promotion and preventative use because they can reduce the effectiveness of the drugs when treating infections in humans.
In 2018, TBIJ revealed Venky’s was selling colistin as a growth promoter. Colistin is a “last resort” antibiotic owing to its importance in treating severe human infections. The revelations prompted criticism and led the Indian government to ban such use of the drug.
At the time, Venky’s told TBIJ that on their own farms and those of their contractors, “antibiotics are used only for therapeutic purpose”. But it appears Venky’s is now selling different drugs to be used both preventively and for growth promotion.
The company did not respond to repeated requests for comment on the latest investigation.
‘Critically important’ drugs
Venky’s was founded in 1971 and now has a significant presence across India, supplying a number of the country’s fast-food restaurants, including KFC.
With operations in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and elsewhere, the company is involved in various stages of the poultry production chain: it slaughters around tens of millions of birds a year; operates its own hatcheries, feed mills, processing plants, and farms; and sells birds to contract farmers who rear them for meat processing.
It also sells medicines, vaccines, and farm equipment.
TBIJ found Venky’s marketing a number of products containing vital medicines both for preventative use and as growth promoters.
Its medicated poultry feed Tylomix, which is listed on its website, contains the antibiotic tylosin, part of the macrolide class of drugs classified by the WHO as “critically important” to human medicine. While tylosin is purely for veterinary use, some other drugs of this class are used to treat bacterial infections in humans.
The product listing on Venky’s website says Tylomix can be used for growth promotion in poultry reared for meat and says it should be added to feed at the “pre-starter” phase, an industry term referring to chicks aged up to 10 days.
Another medicated feed marketed by Venky’s for growth promotion is Amo-premix. This product contains amoxicillin, a drug regularly used to treat humans and classified by the WHO as highly important for human health.
On top of this, Venky’s is advertising Solutyl, a product that also contains tylosin, for “preventive treatments” and recommends it is administered for the first three days of the chick’s life. A product called Vendox, containing the critically important antibiotic neomycin, is touted to “prevent early chick mortality”, or preventative use.
‘A recipe for disaster’
Earlier this year TBIJ visited a farm in Telangana that houses tens of thousands of chickens per year. Workers said a number of medicines were given to the animals throughout the production cycle.
“This is used after the chicks arrive,” a worker said about Vendox. “We start it after two days.”
TBIJ was also able to buy Vendox and another antibiotic product containing “critically important” drugs from a specialist poultry pharmacist in south Telangana without veterinary prescriptions.
TBIJ could not verify which retailers this farm supplies meat to. There was also no suggestion that any of the farms TBIJ found using drugs in this way are suppliers to KFC.
Spread of diseases
Aravind Reghukumar of the Kerala Anti-Microbial Resistance Strategic Action Plan (KARSAP), a government initiative, told TBIJ, “Unmonitored use of medically important antibiotics in the poultry sector for non-therapeutic purposes is a recipe for disaster and should be addressed at the earliest.”
Dr. Reghukumar said there is a global need to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics and minimise the risk of antimicrobial resistance, and that this is only possible through an approach that recognises the links between people, plants and animals.
The overuse of antibiotics on farms around the world has led to the spread of drug-resistant food-borne pathogens, including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter, which can be spread via contaminated meat and other food products.
A landmark study of the global impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) estimated it caused at least 1.27 million deaths in 2019 — more than HIV/AIDS or malaria — and that antimicrobial-resistant infections played a role in 4.95 million deaths.
