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Hoani Smith, Lecturer in Sport Management and Sport Science, Lincoln University, New Zealand

Many elite athletes live with health impacts long after they retire. Should they carry all the costs?

Darrian Traynor/Getty Images

When former All Black Sonny Bill Williams spoke from hospital before his recent neck surgery, his message was not simply about pain. It was a warning to young athletes and their parents about the physical price that can come with a professional sporting career.

The professional boxer and retired dual-code international player was preparing for his fourth neck operation, but made a wider point that health consequences don’t always end after a career playing sports.

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