Loneliness and social stresses can have a negative impact on the antibody response to Covid-19 vaccines, new research has revealed.
University of Limerick researchers have found that lower neighbourhood cohesion is associated with antibody response to Covid-19 vaccines.
In a study published in the journal Brain, Behaviour and Immunity, the research team demonstrated that lower social cohesion also made people feel lonelier, and this was an additional factor in reducing Covid-19 vaccine responses.
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The report stated that social cohesion is the degree of social connectedness and solidarity among different community groups within a society, including levels of trust and connectedness between individuals and across community groups.
Professor Stephen Gallagher, lead author and director of the study, said: "Low social cohesion was a social stressor and we have known for a long time that these psychosocial stressors can have damaging effects on immunity in general but also antibody responses following vaccination, which we have demonstrated previously.
"Thus, it made sense to explore antibody responses to Covid-19 vaccinations."
Using data from over 600 people who took part in the UK's Understanding Society Covid-19 antibody study in March 2021, the researchers examined whether factors such as social cohesion and loneliness had a negative impact on people's antibody responses to the Covid-19 vaccine.
The authors found lower social cohesion was predictive of a lower response to a single-shot of the Covid-19 vaccine. Those who felt less connected to their neighbourhood, had lower trust in their neighbours, and felt unsupported or less similar to their neighbours, made fewer antibodies in comparison to those who reported higher social cohesion.
In addition, those who reported lower social cohesion also tended to report they felt lonelier, and this, in turn, reduced their antibody response, the report added.
Professor Orla Muldoon, who was a member of the National Public Health Emergency Team (NPHET) advisory group on behaviour and communication and was a co-author of the paper, claimed the results highlight the "relevance of public trust and social cohesion" to the success of the pandemic response.
"Public and neighbourhood trust, social cohesion, and loneliness have all come to the fore during the pandemic," Prof Muldoon added.
"For example, during the initial lockdowns a sense of being in it together was an oft-used mantra.
"We had 'clap for carers' in the UK, Italians singing from balconies, Dubliners playing bingo in the flats, all of which increased social cohesion and public trust.
"These feelings of social cohesion and trust were short-lived; something UK researchers now call the 'Dominic Cummings effect'.
"Similar diminishing levels of trust were also seen in the US during these periods. Along with this, lockdowns brought social risks such as less social interaction and an increased risk of loneliness.
"As well as the findings of this study showing their role in antibody responses, trust and cohesion have also been shown to drive compliance with public health guidelines and vaccine uptake."
Dr Siobhan Howard, a co-author on the study, added: "Loneliness was a well-established risk factor for several health conditions, with immune suppression a likely underlying pathway.
"Thus, this study adds to the growing body of evidence linking loneliness to poor health."
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