Indonesia has brought in sweeping changes to its criminal code, including a ban on sex outside of marriage.
However, that is only one of many potential new laws outlined in the bill, which passed Indonesia's parliament on Tuesday afternoon.
Here's a breakdown of what is likely to come in under the new criminal code and what effect it might have.
Why were the changes made?
Indonesia has been looking to revise its criminal code since declaring independence from the Dutch in 1945.
Bambang Wuryanto — the head of the parliamentary commission in charge of revising the code — told politicians: "The old code belongs to Dutch heritage … and is no longer relevant now."
Indonesia's population is predominantly Muslim and most practise a moderate version of Islam. However, in recent years, there has been a rise in religious conservatism, which has also crept into politics.
Simon Butt — a professor and director of the centre for Asian and Pacific law at the University of Sydney's law school — told the ABC that Indonesian criminal law was in dire need of reform.
"The current code is ancient. It is essentially the code that the Dutch imposed in Indonesia in 1918," he said.
"There have been some piecemeal changes over the years, but that's about it."
Parliament had planned to ratify a draft new code in September 2019, but nationwide demonstrations over perceived threats to civil liberties halted its passage.
When will new criminal code become law?
The bill was passed with support from all political parties, despite warnings from business groups that it could scare away tourists and harm investment.
After ratification, the new criminal code must be signed by the president, according to Deputy Minister of Law and Human Rights, Edward Hiraeij.
He said the new law had "a lot of implementing regulations that must be worked out, so it's impossible in one year".
Indonesia's new criminal code will not apply immediately, but is expected to take a maximum of three years to transition from the old code to the new one.
And its changes could still be challenged in the courts.
What are the changes?
Labelled as the most-controversial revisions to the country's criminal code, the new articles penalise sex outside of marriage with up to one year in jail and prohibit cohabitation between unmarried couples, among other measures.
The package of changes also outlaws black magic, the promotion of contraception and expands laws relating to religious blasphemy.
An article on customary law has triggered concern that some sharia-inspired local by-laws could be replicated in other areas, reinforcing discrimination against women or LGBT groups.
Citizens could face a 10-year sentence under the bill for associating with organisations that follow Marxist-Leninist ideology and a four-year sentence for spreading communism.
The bill also restores a ban on insulting a sitting president and vice president, state institutions and national ideology.
Indonesia's new criminal code maintains that abortion is a crime, but it adds exceptions for women with life-threatening medical conditions and for rape survivors, provided that the foetus is less than 12 weeks old.
The code would also preserve the death penalty within the criminal justice system, but it would be imposed alternatively with a probationary period.
This means a judge cannot immediately impose a death sentence.
If, within a period of 10 years, a convict behaves well, then the death penalty is changed to life imprisonment or 20 years' imprisonment.
How would it work?
Unmarried couples can only be prosecuted if they're reported by a spouse, parents or their children.
In 2019, about 16.11 million tourists visited Indonesia, and all visitors would be subject to the new code when it is enacted.
Professor Butt said the code would apply everywhere in Indonesia, including Bali.
"It would be applicable to tourists," he said.
"It is unlikely, in practice, to affect tourists travelling to Indonesia, provided that no such complaints are made to Indonesian police."
Professor Butt said there was also a provision on "immoral acts".
"This might extend to public affection between people of the same gender," he said.
Until the code is enacted in its final form, it is somewhat difficult to know what exactly will change, but Professor Butt said the latest version he had seen, early last month, "had many controversial aspects".
"The main one is that sex outside of marriage is a criminal offence," he said.
"This prohibition applies to intercourse with someone who is not one's husband or wife, so it appears to apply to any people who are unmarried or those who are married but have sex with someone who is not their spouse."
Current laws only prohibit a married person from having sex with someone who is not their husband or wife.
"It is important to note, however, that police cannot proceed with investigating adultery or cohabitation without a complaint," Professor Butt said.
"And not just anyone can make a complaint."
How have the changes been received?
Politicians hailed the passage of the criminal code.
However, Bivitri Susanti — a law expert from the Indonesia Jentera school of law — said such changes to the penal code were a "huge setback" for the world's third-largest democracy.
"The state cannot manage morality. The government's duty is not as an umpire between conservative and liberal Indonesia," she said.
Articles on customary law, blasphemy, protesting without notification and spreading views divergent from the Pancasila — the Indonesian state philosophy — were all legally problematic because they could be widely interpreted, Ms Susanti said.
Muhammad Isnur is the director of the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation and a member of the Criminal Code Reform Alliance, which opposed the ratification of the bill.
He worried that, under the proposals in the bill, people could "put pressure on family members to report sex offenders outside of marriage".
The same goes for those who live together without being married.
He said that the reform of the criminal code had previously been welcomed but several articles were "very problematic".
"[Some] have the potential to endanger democracy and human rights in Indonesia," he told the ABC.
Indonesia is also trying to entice foreign visitors back after the pandemic and the national tourism board described the new code as "totally counterproductive".
"We deeply regret that government have closed their eyes. We have already expressed our concern to the ministry of tourism about how harmful this law is," said Maulana Yusran, deputy chief of Indonesia's tourism industry board.
Professor Butt said the new measures were the latest in a number of drafts that have been floating around for decades, but it was unclear why they had been enacted now.
The national legislature was not particularly conservative, he said.
However, there were senior government officials who strongly supported the changes.
"And there has not been as much resistance to it this time around," Professor Butt said.
ABC/Wires
