In recent months, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan has positioned himself as a fierce defender of Muslims worldwide. He criticized French President Emmanuel Macron for “encourag[ing] Islamophobia,” published an open letter to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg asking that the platform ban Islamophobic content, and wrote another public missive calling on Muslim leaders to counter Islamophobia in non-Muslim countries. Khan has also insisted that he will never recognize the state of Israel until Palestinians receive a just settlement—despite the recent decisions made by four Muslim-majority nations to normalize relations with the Israelis, and despite international pressure to follow suit.
These are not surprising moves for Khan, who has emerged as a strong advocate for the global Muslim community. During his more than two decades as a political leader, and especially since becoming premier in 2018, he has repeatedly railed against Islamophobia and called for the establishment of a global coalition to combat it. He has also decried the abuses suffered by Muslim communities in Chechnya, Yemen, the Palestinian territories, and Kashmir. Additionally, Khan emphasizes the importance of Islam more broadly. He encourages Pakistanis to learn more about Islamic history, and in 2019 he joined forces with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and then-Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to plan the launch of a new English-language TV channel focused on Islam. He also hopes to transform Pakistan into an Islamic welfare state modeled on the holy state of Medina. Clearly, Khan views himself as a spokesperson for Muslim causes.
But Khan’s work in championing the world’s Muslims is undercut by his deafening silence on the oppression of the Uighur community in China.
The plight of the Uighurs is well known. About 10 million Uighurs live under state surveillance in Xinjiang, and since 2017, hundreds of thousands have been confined in internment centers. Today, at least 1 million are detained. They include the wives of Pakistani men—more than 200, according to one estimate
Inside these facilities, authorities seek to erase Uighurs’ Muslim identities. According to Rian Thum, a top scholar on the Uighurs, “they’re forcing people in the detention centers to say, ‘I’m not a Muslim.’” Former detainees say that Uighurs and other Muslims are made to eat pork on Fridays, a holy day for Muslims—and are harshly punished if they refuse.
Authorities have also targeted Uighurs’ faith outside the detention centers. Over the last few years, officials have banned fasting during the holy month of Ramadan and classified religious customs such as growing beards, wearing headscarves, and avoiding alcohol as “signs of extremism.” This crackdown on Islamic practice is broadening, with Hui Muslims and others in China now finding their traditions under attack. Islamophobia is rife—and tolerated—on the heavily censored Chinese internet.
Beijing has denied any wrongdoing, insisting that its policies toward Uighurs are curbing terrorism and extremism. It points to the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement and the Turkistan Islamic Party, terrorist groups founded by Uighur militants, as evidence—even though researchers believe that these groups pose limited threats to China.
When asked publicly about the Uighurs, Khan’s responses range from declaring he knows little about the issue to saying he is discussing the matter privately with Beijing. In October 2020, one of his top advisors, Moeed Yusuf, went so far as to say that the government is “100 percent satisfied” that the situation was a “nonissue,” adding: “We have zero concerns, absolutely zero concerns.” (In a public conversation he had with me on Jan. 21, Yusuf clarified that it is a nonissue because it has been dealt with privately with Beijing.)
Some of Khan’s backers say he stays quiet because it is a strictly internal matter for China. But this hasn’t stopped him from weighing in on the plight of Muslims in Myanmar or, most recently, France.
The real reason for Khan’s silence is simple: China is arguably Pakistan’s closest ally, and Islamabad depends heavily on Beijing for economic and political support. Pakistan simply cannot afford to antagonize Beijing by calling it out.
To be fair, few other governments in Muslim-majority states have spoken up about the Uighurs—even when their populations stage protests against this silence. One exception is Turkey, which has cultural and linguistic ties to Uighurs and hosts about 50,000 displaced Uighurs. But the importance of publicly expressed Turkish concern shouldn’t be overstated, especially amid deepening relations between Ankara and Beijing. Turkey has reportedly repatriated Uighur refugees to China, and the recent ratification of a China-Turkey extradition treaty—which Chinese state media say will be used for counterterrorism reasons—could hasten the return of many more.
The Muslim world limits its criticism of China to avoid jeopardizing critical trade and investment opportunities. In some cases, it has even lent its support: In 2019, members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, a global body comprising nearly 50 Muslim-majority states, released one statement praising Beijing’s treatment of Muslims and another agreeing with China’s claim that detaining Uighurs is an effective counterterrorism tactic. Since then, the organization has been publicly silent on the issue.
Those seeking to defend Khan’s silence argue that because foreign policy is driven by self-interest and not moral considerations, any nation’s outrage is bound to be selective. Indeed, Washington condemns the oppressive treatment of Uighurs by its Chinese rival more vociferously than that of Palestinians and Kashmiris by its Israeli and Indian friends.
And yet, this situation is different. Khan goes out of his way to use his platform, both at home and globally, to defend Muslims’ rights. Few if any world leaders are as vocal as Khan is in his advocacy for the world’s Muslims. But he is unusually silent on the Uighurs, who suffer from some of the most egregious manifestations of state-led Islamophobia and anti-Muslim policies anywhere—treatment that new U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has characterized as genocide.
Given that Khan is a leader who projects himself globally as a mediator, a force for peace, and an advocate for the marginalized, his silence is all the more striking.
Global Islamophobia is an ugly reality, and Khan’s determination to combat it is laudable. But so long as he remains silent about the Uighurs, the pledges he makes to champion the causes of the world’s Muslims will ring hollow.
