Since the alpaca was first domesticated in South America about 6,000 years ago, the animal has been at the heart of the region’s economic life. But as the climate crisis associated with La Niña accelerates environmental changes in the high Andes of Peru, alpaca breeders face an uncertain future.
A member of the camel family, the symbolic alpaca performs multiple roles, from carrying loads to providing milk and meat, in a region of Peru where rocky soil and an arid climate restrict agriculture to a few crops.
In recent decades, alpaca fleece production has become a primary source of income for local breeders, as luxury fashion brands have adopted the fibre, selling high-end products in cities like London, Paris and New York, sometimes for thousands of pounds.
A young alpaca is dressed in a coat to protect it from the cold and fed milk by a vet from the non-profit Descosur. The changing climate is making herds more susceptible to diseases
However, this production is now under threat: the climate crisis has visibly transformed the region’s high-altitude pastures, with adverse weather events such as frosts and snowstorms, becoming more frequent and unpredictable.
La Niña has also intensified periods of drought. The last one began with extreme temperatures in districts such as Ocongate, in the Cusco region, in 2022 and lasted for months, the driest season recorded in 58 years.
The same happened in the Puno, Cusco, Arequipa, Huancavelica, Apurímac and Ayacucho regions, affecting the quality of the pastures and the availability of water, and in turn the quality of the alpaca’s fleece, as well as their survival.
The effects of the climate crisis are being felt by Peru’s traditional alpaca breeders. Since the 70s, Peru’s glaciers have lost 40% of their surface area, causing wetlands to shrink and leading pastoralists to overexploit remaining pastures
Alpacas have a prolonged incubation – 335 days – and have only one offspring a year, and herds are small. So, every animal death significantly affects the livelihoods of the 80,000 mainly low-income families who breed alpacas in the region. Breeders like Alina Surquislla Gomez, whose family has a herd of 300 alpacas following a tradition of three generations, are now facing a drop in income.
For others, moving closer to large urban areas is the only solution. As alpaca breeders live alongside water sources, they are considered by environmental defenders as caretakers of the springs that provide water for the country’s cities.
Families that have become poorer due to the climate crisis, agree to sell their fibre to middlemen, who buy it at a low price, taking advantage of their plight. They then sell the skins on to multinational firms. Alpaca breeders earn as little as £15 a shearing
“The current situation of the alpaca herders has been critical since last year, mainly due to … climate change and because of the drought,” says Milagros Aguilar Calla, a veterinarian and vice-president of the Centre for Studies and Promotion of Development of the South (Descosur).
“Since last year, an extreme drought has been increasing offspring mortality and miscarriages. Breeders are selling their animals at meagre prices because there is no pasture, and the weather conditions are unfavourable,” she says.
Prices paid by the manufacturing industry for 1kg of alpaca fibre have also fallen. According to a report by Allied Market Research, the global market for alpaca fibre was worth £694m in 2021 and was expected to reach £980m by 2031. About 70% of the world’s alpacas live in Peru; most of the rest are in neighbouring Bolivia and Australia. In Peru alone, the fibre generates about £150m annually.
A herd of alpacas during a seasonal journey to new pastures
The problem, critics say, is that although the fibre can have high added value, breeders don’t benefit from it. “In our studies, the cost of producing 1kg of alpaca is roughly 22 soles (£4.77). However, buyers set the price in the market; this year, for example, it was 11 or 12 soles (£2.60). In times of higher demand, it goes up to 15,” says Aguilar Calla.
Companies that buy alpaca fibre in the region agree that the climate crisis is severely affecting breeders. But they say the primary solution to breeders’ low income is to increase productivity per hectare.
“Climate change and the greenhouse effect are causing problems in the Andes, where the alpacas live. Adverse weather events, such as frosts and snowfalls, are occurring unusually and more frequently when they were not common,” says Daniel Aréstegui, manager of the International Alpaca Association (AIA), a Peruvian association representing 65 companies worldwide.
“The price of alpaca [fibre] has been cyclical for the last 30 years because there is not enough product on the market,” he adds. “We need more alpaca fibre. The market is ready for more. The problem is scarcity.”
A family gathers before the seasonal movement of alpacas, when hundreds of animals will be herded for six hours
According to Aréstegui, the low income of alpaca breeders in Peru is a result of agrarian reform in the 1960s and 1970s. “Production became atomised. Before the agrarian reform, some breeders were landowners and had 10,000, 20,000, or 50,000 alpacas. Since the reform, they have herds of 400, 500 alpacas,” he says.
“Today, the average is roughly 100 alpacas a breeder, which is limited by the land sizes. The agrarian reform of the 1970s in Peru was perverse and harmful.”
Experts who work with local breeders, including Aguilar Calla, say industrial groups that dominate the export of alpaca products also squeeze the prices and are at least partly responsible for breeders’ low income.
A wedding between two alpacas is performed as a sign of hope for the coming season. Only a few families are left who perform the ritual because of cultural loss due to migration and change of lifestyles
Researchers and local associations stress that the future of the alpaca sector requires equitable and sustainable restructuring by the government. The Peruvian government has introduced aid programmes, but they have been insufficient, says Aguilar Calla.
“In the high Andes, state presence is minimal. There are no incentives to add value and improve the breeders’ quality of life,” Aguilar Calla says. “If nothing changes, the future of alpaca production is critical.”
Yuper Quispe, 28, a third-generation alpaquero, takes a photo of a tourist with one of his herd of 200 alpacas. Palcoyo Mountain, where they live, has become famous for its colours, attracting hundreds of tourists every day
• These photos are featured in photographer Alessandro Cinque’s award-winning photo essay, Alpaqueros, on the plight of alpaca breeders in the face of the climate crisis
