DMK founder and former Chief Minister C.N. Annadurai, whose death anniversary was observed on February 3, was known for his intellectual calibre as much as for his oratorical and writing skills. In 1968, Annadurai, who had the previous year been elected as the first non-Congress Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, had visited the United States and Japan.
On his return, he spoke in detail about his tour to the All India Radio (AIR). This interview offers glimpses into his intellectual calibre and sharp understanding of economics, agriculture, Five-Year Plans and labour-oriented industrial development, and making use of the manpower available in India. The interview also sparks a feeling of what would have been the course of Tamil Nadu’s history, had he lived long to give shape to his ideas. At a time when India is gripped with nationalistic fervour and frenzied sloganeering, the suggestion made by Anna, as he was fondly called, to emulate the Japanese has resonances for the country. The patriotism of the Japanese, he says in the interview, is not confined to singing the national anthem or parades or flag hoisting, but to work, work, and work alone.
‘My words will not carry weight’
He sounds modest when told that he should make use of “his good influence on people” to convey the message. “Fortunately or unfortunately, I happen to be a politician and a politician’s word will not be taken with full sense. They may note that there may be propaganda behind it. If the students, who have been in Japan for so many years, tell our people how Japanese people are progressing, it would have a good effect,” he says.
Driven by his experience and interaction with students, professors, and economists of various universities in the U.S. and Japan, Anna, a student of world history, points out that the industrial prosperity of most of the countries is based on the agricultural prosperity. “Unless the agriculture base is strong, unless our rural part becomes rich, there cannot be an industrial superimposition,” he argues. He was of the opinion that India’s Five-Year Plans did not give as much importance to agriculture as it deserved. “Most of the countries, including America, first developed their agriculture and through agriculture they raised the prosperity of rural parts and when there was prosperity in rural parts, they were able to contribute share amount and capital for various industries that were started. That was how the industrial progress of America was established. That is the lesson we should learn,” he says.
Labour-oriented projects
Even in the 1960s, he had fully understood that a country like India, endowed with huge manpower, could not afford to embrace capital-driven industrialisation. “In America, most of the industries are capital-oriented. Because there is a shortage of manpower, they want everything to be done on a massive scale through machines and they do not utilise more men there. But the manpower is so large in our country that our industries and projects ought to be more labour-oriented than capital-oriented,” he explains.
As for the development of agriculture, he cited Japan as a model for India since there was no large-scale farming. He travelled on a train between Tokyo and Kyoto, a distance of roughly 300 miles, and witnessed farming on three acres, four acres and five acres, but with the help of machines. “I saw Japanese farmers using power tillers. If we develop our agriculture on that line, we can make our educated young men take up agriculture, because if you ask our educated young men to go to the field and plough, they feel somewhat diffident to use the bullock-driven plough. But if they are offered power tiller and the agriculture is mechanised, young people will get interested in agriculture,” he reasons.
Annadurai’s argument is that India should give thrust to agriculture because the majority of the population is dependent on it. “When we have industrial potential and have got alternative employment for our people, we progressively reduce the number of people dependent on agriculture, then we can mechanise. It means that I am not against mechanisation or mass production. I am fully conscious of the manpower that is found to be in our country and therefore, we should progress keeping in mind the basic fact that many projects in our country for long years to come should be labour-oriented,” he reiterates.
No adequate returns from Plans
He explained to the interviewer that while the Americans appreciated the colossal sum spent on planning, and the care taken by the planners for projects, they were of the opinion that India had not got adequate returns from these plans. He also recalled their unhappiness over the performance of the public sector undertakings. Annadurai also shared the concern of many American professors, intellectuals, and students that the political stability of India should be ensured, but was confident that the Indian democratic traditions would survive. “Having read about various governments being formed and then disbanded, people crossing floors, political debacles, and other things, they think the future is a little bit shaky. But I assured them that we have conducted three general elections in a comparatively calm manner and whatever may be the struggles and riots here and there, the casualties in all these is lesser than the American casualties in holidays,” he said.
At some places, they asked his reaction to an invitation for the formation of a national coalition government. He responded: “I would resist the temptation.”
