Rare earth elements, often described as “industrial vitamins” of modern technology, are critical to industries ranging from renewable energy and precision manufacturing to national defense. China holds a commanding position in this field, thanks to its dominance in global reserves and a uniquely comprehensive industrial ecosystem.
According to 2023 data from the U.S. Geological Survey, China accounts for the world’s largest proven reserves of rare earth oxides — 44 million tons, or 49% of the global total. More importantly, it is the only nation with a fully integrated supply chain for all 17 rare earth elements, covering everything from mining and processing to refining and advanced applications.
