Drones hover low over coca fields in Catatumbo, a remote region in northeastern Colombia along the border with Venezuela, tracing invisible lines of control across the land. They are joined by rumours circulating on social media, naming alleged collaborators, announcing new allegiances, warning of imminent violence. Together, drones and rumours kill arbitrarily: they determine who can move, who must flee, and who disappears. This is the texture of war in Catatumbo today.
The fragile border region has experienced a sharp escalation of armed conflict since early 2025, as multiple illegal armed groups, including the ELN, dissident factions of the FARC, and elements linked to the Clan del Golfo, vie for control of territory long marked by weak state presence and lucrative illicit economies. Civilians have been displaced, confined, and threatened with violence, including forced recruitment and targeted attacks. Local communities report that armed actors’ actions have disrupted food production, limited mobility, and hindered access to basic services, while official humanitarian relief remains scarce. These conditions have left communities to rely on their own initiatives and networks for survival Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC).
Last year’s humanitarian emergency briefly pushed Catatumbo into the national spotlight. Slogans such as ‘Al Catatumbo Nada lo Tumba’ (nothing can strike down Catatumbo) were painted on walls across Colombia in a loud and clear show of solidarity. The government declared a ‘conmocion interior’ state of emergency allowing for exceptional humanitarian measures. By April 2025 it had ended, but the violence had not. On January 3 2026, the collapse of the Maduro regime in neighbouring Venezuela acted as a further trigger for unrest.
