The 30 NATO allies have signed off on Sweden and Finland joining the military alliance against Vladimir Putin's Russia in a huge move.
The organisation allowed the two Nordic countries to to join the nuclear-armed alliance once allied parliaments ratify the decision, the most significant expansion of the alliance since the mid-1990s.
"This is truly an historic moment," NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said alongside the foreign ministers of the two countries.
"With 32 nations around the table, we will be even stronger."
The protocol means Helsinki and Stockholm can participate in NATO meetings and have greater access to intelligence but will not be protected by the NATO defence clause that an attack on one ally is an attack against all until ratification. That is likely to take up to a year.
This becomes one of the biggest shifts in European security in decades, after Putin's invasion of Ukraine pushed Helsinki and Stockholm to drop their tradition of neutrality.
Putin has made several veiled threats against the alliance since the start of the invasion, and some more overt to NATO countries like Lithuania and Poland.
Lithuania choked off a rail corridor from Russia to its Kaliningrad Oblast exclave - reducing access to basic goods including construction materials, metal and coal.
Russian Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev said the transport "blockade" would "seriously affect the people of Lithuania" and Russia would retaliate soon.
He branded Lithuania's move "hostile" as he vowed retaliation which will have a "serious negative impact on the Lithuanian population".
NATO's 30 ambassadors and Stoltenberg stood together for a photo in which the foreign ministers of Sweden and Finland held up their signed protocols, before breaking out into applause.
"Thank you for your support! Now the process of ratification by each of the allies begins," Swedish Foreign Minister Ann
Linde said on Twitter.
"Look forward to working together in ensuring our collective security," she said.
However, Turkey's President Tayyip Erdogan warned last Thursday at a NATO summit in Madrid that said Finland and Sweden must first keep the promises made to Turkey in a deal or ratification will not be sent to the Turkish parliament.
After weeks of diplomacy, Erdogan and his Finnish and Swedish counterparts agreed on a series of security measures to allow the two Nordic countries to overcome the Turkish veto that Ankara imposed in May due to its concerns about terrorism.
According to the signed memorandum, Finland and Sweden pledged not to support the Kurdish militant PKK and YPG groups or the network of U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gulen, which Ankara says staged a 2016 coup attempt and which it labels a terrorist organisation with the acronym FETO.
Last week a statement after the alliance's summit in Madrid announced NATO's 30 allies had made the decision after Turkey lifted its veto.
There, they also agreed to formally treat Russia as the "most significant and direct threat to the allies' security".
"Today, we have decided to invite Finland and Sweden to become members of NATO," NATO leaders said in their declaration.
