In 2020, an estimated 287,000 women died in pregnancy, childbirth, or soon after delivering, according to the latest data from the United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group, which includes the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). This figure is roughly equivalent to the death toll of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami or the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, two of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history.
Human devastation on this scale is usually met with weeks of news coverage, an outpouring of public support, and calls for urgent action. Yet the staggering number of women dying every year in the act of giving life remains largely a silent crisis. Even worse, the group found that progress in reducing maternal deaths has ground to a halt.
How many of us know someone who died or came close to dying during pregnancy or childbirth? Perhaps the pervasiveness of suffering is part of the problem -- maternal deaths may seem inevitable. Yet the vast majority are preventable with simple interventions that save money in the long run.
One of the most cost-effective ways to reduce maternal mortality globally is to invest in community-based care, including the education and deployment of midwives. Achieving this will require scaling up the workforce substantially -- the world is currently facing a shortage of 900,000 midwives -- and countering persistent gender norms that devalue the contributions of a predominantly female field.
Lowering the high number of unintended pregnancies is another crucial step towards reducing maternal mortality. UNFPA research shows that nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended, more than 60% of unintended pregnancies end in abortion, and an estimated 45% of all abortions are unsafe, making them a leading cause of maternal death. Policymakers know how to address this issue: increase access to quality contraceptives, improve comprehensive sexual education, and protect a woman's right to decide whether, when, and with whom to have children.
World leaders have made significant progress when called upon to save women's lives. In 2000, governments agreed to the Millennium Development Goals, which aimed for a 75% reduction in the global maternal mortality rate by 2015. The 44% decrease in deaths over that period was a meaningful accomplishment -- even if it ultimately fell short of the goal.
In 2015, with the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals, countries once again committed to reducing the maternal death ratio, this time to below 70 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030. Yet, eight years on, we are nowhere near achieving that target, and progress has stalled. In fact, the maternal mortality rate has increased in two regions -- Europe and Northern America, and Latin America and the Caribbean -- since 2016, and these estimates, which end in 2020, don't account for the full impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on health systems.
Underinvestment in addressing persistent racial and ethnic disparities in the delivery of maternal health care is one factor contributing to this stagnation. In the United States, for example, the 2021 maternal mortality rate for black women was 2.6 times the rate for non-Hispanic white women. Similar disparities can be observed in Afro-descendant communities in Latin America and the Caribbean.
A holistic, community-based approach to care is crucial to eliminating these disparities. Early in my career, I worked as a paediatrician and HIV researcher in Harlem at a time when crack cocaine and Aids were devastating the poorest and most marginalised patients and communities. It became clear that I could not treat a child without understanding the wider social context and the challenges facing the child's mother. And the medical needs of the mothers and pregnant women I met often paled in comparison to the urgency of their social needs, highlighting the importance of treating the whole person.
Even though progress on maternal mortality has stagnated at the global level, there are some glimmers of hope. Nepal, for example, decreased maternal deaths by nearly one-third between 2015 and 2020 after halving the country's rate between 2000 and 2015. In this period, the government doubled health spending, legalised abortion, and made maternity care free of charge.
Similarly, Sri Lanka has halved maternal deaths at least every 12 years since 1935, owing largely to a health system that provides free services to the entire population and to a dramatic increase in the number of skilled midwives, who now attend 97% of births, compared to 30% in 1940.
While the latest maternal mortality rates reveal the damage caused by neglecting life-saving solutions, there is a way to end this needless suffering. Building midwifery capacity and ensuring equal access to quality sexual and reproductive health care would go a long way towards improving health outcomes for mothers and pregnant women.
But getting back on track requires reviving the sense of urgency among governments, communities, and all stakeholders needed to provide adequate financing and create a conducive legal and social environment for these interventions. We know the reasons why women still die giving birth. Indifference should not be one of them. ©2023 Project Syndicate
Natalia Kanem is Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund.
