
IN common with other advanced nations, Australia's fertility rate, or net reproduction rate (NRR), is in long-term decline. In 1960, the rate was 3.5 children per woman in her lifetime; today it's down to 1.58 per woman, well below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman. In Melbourne, the rate was down further, to 0.66 in 2021.
Admittedly COVID was a factor here but, even so, I believe the NRR is down so low in most metropolitan areas because houses are no longer affordable. The Hunter's NRR is 1.9, still below the magic 2.1.