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The Guardian - US
The Guardian - US
Sport
Branson Wright

40 years on, did Proposition 48 protect US college sports – or punish Black athletes?

Tony Rice led Notre Dame to a national title but it was a long road.
Tony Rice led Notre Dame to a national title but it was a long road. Photograph: Peter Read Miller/Sports Illustrated/Getty Images

Tony Rice noticed the looks and smirks during his first week of freshman classes in the fall of 1986 at Notre Dame.

He had accepted his fate a few months earlier when standardized test results led to the decision that he would not be eligible to participate in collegiate sports his freshman year. But nothing prepared him for this.

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