Researchers have tested cigarette-butt waste as an ingredient in asphalt mixtures, with one study finding that a mix that contained 1.5% cigarette butts had the lowest flow value among the tested concentrations, which indicates the strongest resistance to deformation by that measure. The same study found that increasing the cigarette-butt content changed the mixture's behavior under load, although its separate high-temperature rutting test produced a different optimum.
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